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ITC and Customs Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
ITC and Customs Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights delivers practical guidance for navigating Section 337 investigations before the U.S. International Trade Commission and post-remedy enforcement before U.S. Customs and Border Protection. The 2026 Edition walks practitioners through every stage of investigation, adjudication and exclusion order enforcement, with strategic insight on parallel proceedings and cross-forum coordination.
Publisher: Matthew Bender
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ITC and Customs Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights is a focused, practice-driven treatise for attorneys and in-house counsel handling Section 337 matters and related intellectual property disputes. Authored by leading ITC litigators Veronica Ascarrunz and Robin Brewer, this single-volume Matthew Bender publication provides step-by-step analysis of investigation strategy, procedural requirements and enforcement considerations.
Organized chronologically, the 2026 Edition guides readers through:
- Jurisdiction, statutory framework and unfair import practices under Section 337
- Pre-filing strategy, complaint drafting and institution of investigations
- Discovery, claim construction and evidentiary hearing practice
- Commission review, public interest analysis and presidential review
- Exclusion orders, cease and desist orders and bond requirements
- Customs ruling requests, Rule 177 proceedings and border enforcement mechanics
- Ancillary proceedings including enforcement, modification and advisory opinions
- Appeals to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
- Coordination with district court litigation, USPTO proceedings and international forums
Dedicated chapters examine domestic industry, importation requirements and the treatment of non-practicing entities at the ITC. Two in-depth units address Customs recordation of intellectual property rights and the strategic interplay between Section 337 investigations and federal district court, state court and USPTO actions.
Throughout, the authors integrate recent ITC rulemaking, notable Commission and court decisions and emerging trends affecting intellectual property rights enforcement. Practical checklists and procedural insights help practitioners develop defensible strategies and anticipate enforcement challenges at the border.
This treatise is designed to help legal professionals:
- Develop and manage Section 337 complaints with confidence
- Align ITC strategy with parallel district court and USPTO proceedings
- Navigate public interest submissions and remedial phases
- Leverage Customs processes to define and enforce the scope of exclusion
- Respond effectively to evolving developments in cross-border IP disputes
Updated annually, the 2026 Edition reflects current procedural rules and recent developments shaping ITC and Customs enforcement practice.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
§ 1.01 Background of Section 337 Investigations at the International Trade
Commission
§ 1.02 Importance of Section 337 Investigations
§ 1.03 Purpose and Scope of the Treatise
CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF SECTION 337
§ 2.01 History and Evolution of Section 337 – Legislative History
§ 2.02 Role and Jurisdiction of the International Trade Commission
§ 2.03 Key Provisions and Requirements of Section 337
§ 2.04 Relevant Personnel and Roles
§ 2.05 Exemplary Timeline
§ 2.06 Procedural Rules and Ground Rules
CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW OF PARALLEL OR ALTERNATIVE
PROCEEDINGS IN OTHER FORUMS
§ 3.01 Introduction
§ 3.02 Comparison of Section 337 Investigations with District Court
Proceedings
§ 3.03 Customs and Border Patrol (CBP)
§ 3.04 Federal (DTSA) and State Trade Secret Actions
§ 3.05 USPTO
§ 3.06 International Proceedings
CHAPTER 4 UNFAIR PRACTICES UNDER SECTION 337
§ 4.01 Overview of Unfair Import Practices
§ 4.02 Statutory Unfair Practices
§ 4.03 Non-Statutory Unfair Import Practices
§ 4.04 Counterclaims
§ 4.05 Acts That are Not Unfair Import Practices
CHAPTER 5 UNIQUE SUBSTANTIVE CONSIDERATIONS
§ 5.01 Overview
§ 5.02 Importation
§ 5.03 “Articles that Infringe”
§ 5.04 Defenses to 35 U.S.C. § 271(g)
§ 5.05 Domestic Industry and Injury
§ 5.06 Redesign Products
§ 5.07 Non-Practicing Entities at the ITC
CHAPTER 6 PRE-FILING CONSIDERATIONS
§ 6.01 Assessing the Viability of a Section 337 Complaint
§ 6.02 Identifying Potential Respondents
§ 6.03 Gathering Evidence and Building a Strong Case
§ 6.04 Preparation Time and Pre-filing Review
§ 6.05 Other Pre-filing Preparations
§ 6.06 Coordination with District Court Complaint
§ 6.07 Statutory Authority Requirements
§ 6.08 Standing
CHAPTER 7 FILING A SECTION 337 COMPLAINT
§ 7.01 Drafting the Complaint and Complying with ITC Rules
§ 7.02 Filing Procedures and Timelines
§ 7.03 Public Interest Submissions and Delegation
§ 7.04 Request for Temporary Exclusion Order
§ 7.05 Amending a Complaint
§ 7.06 Withdrawing a Complaint
CHAPTER 8 EARLY DISPOSITION OF ISSUES
§ 8.01 Introduction
§ 8.02 Pre-Institution Requests
§ 8.03 100-Day Proceedings
§ 8.04 Pilot Program: Interim Initial Determinations
§ 8.05 Motions to Terminate
§ 8.06 Summary Determination
§ 8.07 Motion to Strike Affirmative Defense
§ 8.08 Default and Consent
CHAPTER 9 EARLY INVESTIGATION MANAGEMENT
§ 9.01 Institution
§ 9.02 Motions to Stay
§ 9.03 Service of the Complaint
§ 9.04 Confidentiality and Protective Orders
§ 9.05 Responses to the Complaint and Notice of Investigation
§ 9.06 Intervention
§ 9.07 Initial Conferences and Setting of Target Date and Procedural Schedule
§ 9.08 Case Management Conferences
§ 9.09 Hearings on WebEx
§ 9.10 ADR and Mediation
CHAPTER 10 IMPORTATION
§ 10.01 Importation Requirement
§ 10.02 Pleading Importation
§ 10.03 Imminent Importation and Sale for Importation Without Importation
§ 10.04 Sale After Importation
§ 10.05 Importation of “Articles that Infringe”
CHAPTER 11 DOMESTIC INDUSTRY
§ 11.01 Overview
§ 11.02 Technical Domestic Industry
§ 11.03 Economic Domestic Industry
§ 11.04 Injury
CHAPTER 12 DISCOVERY PROCESS
§ 12.01 Overview
§ 12.02 Fact Discovery and Document Productions
§ 12.03 Discovery from Foreign Nonparties
§ 12.04 Expert Witnesses
§ 12.05 Discovery Disputes
CHAPTER 13 CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
§ 13.01 Overview
§ 13.02 Claim Construction Procedures
§ 13.03 Application of Claim Construction Legal Principles at the ITC
CHAPTER 14 EVIDENTIARY HEARING
§ 14.01 Introduction and Purpose of Hearing
§ 14.02 Prehearing Preparation
§ 14.03 Introduction and Receipt of Evidence
§ 14.04 Post-Hearing Briefing
CHAPTER 15 COMMISSION REVIEW
§ 15.01 Petition for Review
§ 15.02 Contingent Petitions
§ 15.03 Procedure and Format
§ 15.04 Commission Notice of Review and Opinion
CHAPTER 16 PUBLIC INTEREST
§ 16.01 Public Interest Factors
§ 16.02 Role of Public Interest Factors and Burden of Proof
§ 16.03 Enactment of the Public Interest Requirement
§ 16.04 Infrequent Use of the Public Interest Factors to Preclude a Remedy
§ 16.05 Use of Public Interest Factors to Tailor Remedies
§ 16.06 Public Interest Through Different Stages of Investigation
CHAPTER 17 REMEDIAL ORDERS AND ENFORCEMENT
§ 17.01 Determination of Violation and Issuance of Remedial Orders
§ 17.02 Presidential Review
§ 17.03 Exclusion Orders
§ 17.04 Cease and Desist Orders
§ 17.05 Bonds
CHAPTER 18 CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT AND RULING REQUESTS
§ 18.01 Introduction
§ 18.02 Statutory and Regulatory Authority
§ 18.03 Procedural Standards for Rule 177 Ruling Requests
§ 18.04 Substantive Standards and Burdens
CHAPTER 19 CBP BORDER ENFORCEMENT OF IPR THROUGH
RECORDATION
§ 19.01 Introduction
§ 19.02 CBP Recordation Process
§ 19.03 Comparison with ITC Section 337 Investigations
CHAPTER 20 ANCILLARY PROCEEDINGS
§ 20.01 Ancillary Proceedings Generally
§ 20.02 Enforcement Proceedings
§ 20.03 Modification and Rescission of Exclusion Orders
§ 20.04 Advisory Opinions
CHAPTER 21 APPEALS
§ 21.01 Introduction
§ 21.02 Legal Framework
§ 21.03 Standing and Participation
§ 21.04 Appealable Decisions
§ 21.05 Standards of Review and Deference
§ 21.06 Appeal Procedures
CHAPTER 22 INTERPLAY OF SECTION 337 WITH USPTO AND DISTRICT
COURT PROCEEDINGS
§ 22.01 Interplay with U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Proceedings
§ 22.02 Interplay with District Court Proceedings
CHAPTER 23 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND EMERGING TRENDS
§ 23.01 Overview
§ 23.02 Statistics of Section 337 Investigations
§ 23.03 Notable Issues in 2024
CHAPTER 24 CONCLUSION
§ 24.01 Conclusion
APPENDIX A EXEMPLARY GROUND RULES CHIEF ALJ CHENEY
APPENDIX B EXEMPLARY GROUND RULES ALJ BHATTACHARYYA
APPENDIX C EXEMPLARY GROUND RULES ALJ ELLIOT
APPENDIX D EXEMPLARY GROUND RULES ALJ JOHNSON HINES
APPENDIX E EXEMPLARY GROUND RULES ALJ MCNAMARA
APPENDIX F EXEMPLARY GROUND RULES ALJ MOORE
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes
Index