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Understanding Copyright Law
This new edition of Understanding Copyright Law has incorporated all the recent case law and legislative developments, focusing on the challenges of the digital age.
Publisher: Carolina Academic Press
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The eighth edition of Understanding Copyright is a major revision of this classic student treatise. This edition reflects the substantial developing case law and legislative developments that have taken place since 2019, including an analysis of the eagerly awaited fair use decisions of Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. and Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith, which marked the first time in several decades that the Court has ruled on this "thorniest" issue of copyright law.
Other case law developments are also included, such as the challenges brought about by generative artificial intelligence and other digital technologies. As always, Congress continues to change the face of copyright law, and this edition includes an overview of the Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020 (the CASE Act), which establishes a small claims court-type system within the United States Copyright Office.
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO COPYRIGHT ANDINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF COPYRIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II: JUSTIFICATIONS FOR COPYRIGHT LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
III: COPYRIGHT, PATENT, AND TRADEMARK COMPARED . . . . . . . . 31
I: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF COPYRIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II: JUSTIFICATIONS FOR COPYRIGHT LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
III: COPYRIGHT, PATENT, AND TRADEMARK COMPARED . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 2 SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: GENERAL STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
I: FIXATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
II: ORIGINALITY AND AUTHORSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
III: COMPILATIONS AND DERIVATIVE WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
IV: NON-COPYRIGHTABLE SUBJECT MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Chapter 3 WORKS OF AUTHORSHIP: CATEGORIES OF COPYRIGHTABLE SUBJECT MATTER . . . . . . . . . . 97
I: WORKS OF AUTHORSHIP: OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
II: LITERARY WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
III: PICTORIAL, GRAPHIC, AND SCULPTURAL WORKS: THE UTILITARIAN OBJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
IV: OTHER CATEGORIES OF COPYRIGHTABLE SUBJECT MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chapter 4 PUBLICATION, NOTICE, AND OTHER FORMALITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
I: PUBLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
II: NOTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
III: THE MANUFACTURING CLAUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Chapter 5 OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
I: INITIAL OWNERSHIP: WORKS MADE FOR HIRE AND JOINT WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
II: TRANSFERS OF COPYRIGHT INTERESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Chapter 6 DURATION, RENEWAL, TERMINATION OFTRANSFERS, AND RESTORATION OF COPYRIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
I: DURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
II: RENEWAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
III: TERMINATION OF TRANSFERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
IV: RESTORATION OF COPYRIGHT IN WORKS PREVIOUSLY IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Chapter 7 COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION AND DEPOSIT . . . . 271
I: REGISTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
II: DEPOSIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Chapter 8 THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
I: EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS, LIMITATIONS, AND COMPULSORY LICENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
II: THE REPRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION RIGHTS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
III: THE DISTRIBUTION RIGHT AND ITS LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 326
IV: THE PERFORMANCE AND DISPLAY RIGHTS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
V: BEYOND CONVENTIONAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION: THE MORAL RIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
VI: RIGHTS BEYOND COPYRIGHT IN THE DIGITAL AGE: THE AUDIO HOME RECORDING ACT OF 1992 AND THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Chapter 9 INFRINGEMENT AND REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
I: INFRINGEMENT: SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
II: THIRD PARTY LIABILITY (CONTRIBUTORY INFRINGEMENT AND VICARIOUS LIABILITY) INCLUDING THE LIABILITY OF ONLINE SERVICE PROVIDERS UNDER THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM
COPYRIGHT ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
III: REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
IV: INFRINGEMENT: PROCEDURAL MATTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Chapter 10 FAIR USE AND OTHER DEFENSES TO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
I: FAIR USE: THE BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
II: THE FOUR FACTORS INDIVIDUALLY EXAMINED . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
III: SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF FAIR USE ANALYSIS: NEW TECHNOLOGIES, PARODY, AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT . . . . 502
IV: THE FUTURE OF FAIR USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
V: OTHER AFFIRMATIVE COPYRIGHT DEFENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Chapter 11 COPYRIGHT LAW IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM: PREEMPTION OF STATE LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
I: PREEMPTION BEFORE THE 1976 ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Chapter 12 AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
I: THE MAJOR INTERNATIONAL TREATIES INVOLVING COPYRIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
II: FOREIGN AUTHORS AND CONFLICTS OF LAW IN INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Table of Cases
Index