Understanding Remedies
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The fourth edition of Understanding Remedies is designed to provide a thorough overview of the remedies a civil plaintiff may obtain to secure appropriate redress for wrongs inflicted. The book has been substantially restructured so the information is presented in a manner that can be easily grasped and understood. The text has been augmented with numerous headings, subheadings, and bullet points to enable the reader to quickly see the critical issues raised under the law of remedies, while preserving the extensive content of the information provided by the book. The book has also been updated with more examples to help convey understanding of the legal points made.
As with prior editions of Understanding Remedies, the book materials are organized around two themes. Chapters one through seven examine general remedial considerations, such as damages, restitution, and defenses as standalone concepts. The goal here is to give the reader a firm foundational understanding of the concept itself. Chapters eight through twenty-four examine the general remedial consideration in specific contexts, such as what remedies are available when a person sustains bodily injury caused by another’s legal wrong. In this setting the available remedies are identified and discussed. Also addressed are the tactical strategic issues that would influence the desirability and availability of specific remedies in situations such as an injunction to abate a nuisance or restitution to redress a trespass.
The materials are comprehensive and respect the nuance and subtlety of the subject. Understanding Remedies presents the richness of the topic to students who wish to gain both a fundamental appreciation of the subject and an insight into the myriad ways remedies influence the shape and dimension of modern American law.
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Table of contents
Page
Chapter 1 UNDERSTANDING REMEDIES
1 BASIC REMEDIAL GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 TYPES OF REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 PUBLIC POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 RESERVED
Chapter 2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES CONCERNING COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
6 THE PURPOSE OF COMPENSATORY DAMAGES . . . 25
7 VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8 MEASURING COMPENSATORY DAMAGES . . . . . . . 58
9 FUTURE LOSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
10 LOSS CAUSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
11 ECONOMIC LOSS RULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
12 NON-ECONOMIC DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
16 PREJUDGMENT INTEREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
18-19 RESERVED
Chapter 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES CONCERNING EQUITABLE REMEDIES
20 THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND EQUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
21 ADEQUACY OF THE REMEDY AT LAW/ IRREPARABLE INJURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
22 EQUITY ACTS IN PERSONAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
23 EQUITABLE DISCRETION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
24 BURDEN ON THE COURT/SUPERVISION . . . . . . . . 224
25 NATURE OF RIGHTS PROTECTED . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
26 STATUTORY EQUITABLE REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . 230
27 INJUNCTION OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . 236
28 INJUNCTIONS AND PRIOR RESTRAINTS . . . . . . . . 238
29 RESERVED
Chapter 4 INJUNCTIONS
30 RIPENESS, MOOTNESS, AND STANDING . . . . . . . . 244
31 TEMPORARY INJUNCTIVE RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
32 APPELLATE REVIEW OF ORDERS GRANTING OR DENYING TEMPORARY RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
33 PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
34 SPECIFICITY OF INJUNCTIVE RELIEF . . . . . . . . . 304
35 PERSONS BOUND BY INJUNCTIVE RELIEF . . . . . . 310
37-39 RESERVED
Chapter 5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING RESTITUTION
40 RESTITUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
41 RESTITUTION FOR WRONGDOING . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
42 RESTITUTION FOR UNJUST ENRICHMENT . . . . . . 343
43 NATURE OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT . . . . . . . . . . . 344
44 QUASI CONTRACT AND UNJUST ENRICHMENT . . . 353
45 VALUATION OF THE BENEFIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
46 APPORTIONMENT OF BENEFIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
47 RESTITUTIONARY DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
48-49 RESERVED
Chapter 6 RESTITUTIONARY ACTIONS
50 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
51 DISGORGEMENT ORDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
52 INDEMNITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
53 SUBROGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
54 CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
55 EQUITABLE ACCOUNTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
56 EQUITABLE LIEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
57 REPLEVIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
58 EJECTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
59 TRACING PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS, EQUITABLE LIENS AND EQUITABLE ACCOUNTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Chapter 7 REMEDY DEFENSES
60 COMPARED WITH LIABILITY DEFENSES . . . . . . . . 438
61 LACHES AND STATUTES OF LIMITATION . . . . . . . 440
62 UNCLEAN HANDS AND “IN PARI DELICTO” . . . . . . 461
63 DURESS AND UNCONSCIONABILITY . . . . . . . . . . 472
64 ESTOPPEL, WAIVER, AND ELECTION . . . . . . . . . . 479
65 FRAUD AND ILLEGALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
66 CHANGE IN POSITION AND HARDSHIP . . . . . . . . . 489
67 ASSERTION OF DEFENSES AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
68-69 RESERVED
Chapter 8 REMEDIES FOR BODILY INJURIES
70 BODILY INJURY REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
71 LOST INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
72 MEDICAL EXPENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
73 PAIN AND SUFFERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
74 LOSS OF CONSORTIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
75 REMEDIES WHEN THE PLAINTIFF DIES . . . . . . . . 537
76 CONCEPTION-RELATED CLAIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
77-79 RESERVED
Chapter 9 REMEDIES FOR INJURY TO PERSONAL PROPERTY
80 PHYSICAL DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
81 VALUE TO OWNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
82 PETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
83 DAMAGES FOR LOSS OR INTERFERENCE WITH
POSSESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
84 RETURN OF POSSESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
85 UNJUST ENRICHMENT AND RESTITUTION . . . . . . 587
86 GOOD FAITH IMPROVERS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
87-89 RESERVED
Chapter 10 REMEDIES FOR INJURY TO REAL PROPERTY
90 PHYSICAL DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
91 NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
91.1 Environmental Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
91.2 Stigma Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
91.3 Damage to Trees and Shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
92 EJECTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
93 TRESPASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
94 NUISANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
95 WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
96 GOOD FAITH IMPROVERS OF REAL PROPERTY . . . 631
97-99 RESERVED
Chapter 11 REMEDIES FOR INJURY TO RELATIONSHIPS
100 ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
101 SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS . . . . 644
102 PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
103 HEART BALM STATUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
104 WRONGFUL ADOPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Chapter 12 REMEDIES FOR DEFAMATION
105 PRESUMED DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
106 REPUTATIONAL INJURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
107 NON-REPUTATIONAL DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
108 ENJOINING A LIBEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
109 DISPARAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Chapter 13 REMEDIES FOR INJURY TO PERSONAL RIGHTS
110 PRIVACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
111 CIVIL RIGHTS/CONSTITUTIONAL TORTS . . . . . . . . 685
112 LITIGATION TORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
113 BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
114-119 RESERVED
Chapter 14 FRAUD AND MISREPRESENTATION
120 NATURE OF FRAUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
121 ELEMENTS OF FRAUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
122 DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
123 INJUNCTIVE RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
124 RESTITUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
125 PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
126-129 RESERVED
Chapter 15 RESCISSION (DISAFFIRMANCE) OF BARGAIN
130 NATURE OF RESCISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
131 FORMS OF RESCISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
132 DEMAND FOR RESCISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
133 ELECTION OF REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
134 RESTORATION OF THE STATUS QUO . . . . . . . . . . 747
135 SCOPE OF REMEDY OF RESCISSION . . . . . . . . . . 751
136 GROUNDS FOR RESCISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
137-139 RESERVED
Chapter 16 BREACH OF CONTRACT REMEDIES - AFFIRMANCE OF BARGAIN OR TRANSACTION
140 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACT
REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
141 BAD FAITH BREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
142 DISTRESS DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
143-149 RESERVED
Chapter 17 BREACH OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
150 EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
151 EMPLOYEE’S DAMAGES AGAINST EMPLOYER . . . . 773
152 EMPLOYEE REINSTATEMENT TO POSITION . . . . . 778
153 EMPLOYER’S DAMAGES AGAINST EMPLOYEE . . . . 783
154 EMPLOYER’S INJUNCTION AGAINST EMPLOYEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
155 EMPLOYER’S REMEDIES FOR EMPLOYEE’S BREACH OF DUTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
156-159 RESERVED
Chapter 18 BREACH OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT
160 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
161 OWNER"S REMEDIES FOR CONTRACTOR"S
BREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
162 CONTRACTOR’S REMEDIES FOR OWNER"S
BREACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
163 LOSING CONTRACTS AND RESTITUTION . . . . . . . 813
164 RESERVED
Chapter 19 BREACH OF CONTRACT TO SELL REAL PROPERTY
165 BREACH OF CONTRACT TO SELL REAL
PROPERTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
166 BUYER"S REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
167 SELLER"S REMEDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
168 INSTALLMENT LAND SALE CONTRACTS . . . . . . . . 827
169 RESERVED
Chapter 20 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
170 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
171 CERTAINTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
172 ABILITY TO PERFORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
173 MUTUALITY OF REMEDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
174 FAIRNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
175 FLEXIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
176 ABATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
177 DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
178-179 RESERVED
Chapter 21 AGREED REMEDIES
180 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
181 LIQUIDATED DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
182 LIQUIDATED DAMAGES: COMPENSABLE DAMAGE REQUIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
183 LIQUIDATED DAMAGES AS EXCLUSIVE OR NONEXCLUSIVE REMEDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
184 LIQUIDATED DAMAGES AS OVERCOMPENSATORY OR UNDERCOMPENSATORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
185 SPECIFYING INJUNCTIVE RELIEF BY CONTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
186 NEGATING REMEDIES BY CONTRACT . . . . . . . . . 866
187-189 RESERVED
Chapter 22 CONTEMPT
190 NATURE OF CONTEMPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
191 TYPES OF CONTEMPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
192 CLASSIFICATION OF CONTEMPT AS CRIMINAL OR CIVIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
193 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL CONTEMPT . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
194 COERCIVE CIVIL CONTEMPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
195 COMPENSATORY CONTEMPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
196 ATTORNEY"S FEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
197 DEFENSES TO CONTEMPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
198 COLLATERAL BAR RULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
199 ATTEMPTED CONTEMPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
Chapter 23 PUNITIVE DAMAGES
200 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
201 PURPOSE OF PUNITIVE DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . 919
202 SCOPE OF PUNITIVE DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
203 ACTUAL INJURY REQUIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
204 WEALTH OF THE DEFENDANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
205 DUE PROCESS LIMITATIONS ON AMOUNT OF AWARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
206 STANDARD OF REVIEW OF AWARD . . . . . . . . . . . 954
207 MULTIPLE DAMAGES AWARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
208 DISCRETION AS TO THE SCOPE AND THE SIZE OF AWARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960
209 TORT REFORM—PUNITIVE DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . 961
Chapter 24 ATTORNEY’S FEES
210 ATTORNEY’S FEES—THE 'AMERICAN RULE' . . . . . 963
211 EXCEPTIONS TO THE 'AMERICAN RULE' . . . . . . . 964
212 PREVAILING PARTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
213 AWARD OF FEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
214 STANDING TO COLLECT FEES AWARD . . . . . . . . . 999
Table of Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TC-1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1