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This Understanding treatise is divided into four parts:
The first part of Understanding International Criminal Law provides a general overview of international criminal law, including the sources of such law, important international criminal law doctrines and concepts, definitions of key terms that appear throughout the book, and various principles of jurisdiction that form the basis for the application of domestic and international law.
The second part of the book focuses on a crafted selection of areas of international criminal law. While not exhaustive, the authors have provided explanation and analysis of crimes that cover a wide array of topics that will introduce the reader to many of the most important, timely, and developing areas of international criminal law. The selected topics include developing areas such as computer and internet crimes and human trafficking, and older, more traditional areas such as piracy, narcotics trafficking, and terrorism. The book provides materials on both violent and non-violent crimes.
The third part of Understanding International Criminal Law covers procedural issues. This portion of the book considers the extraterritorial application of the U.S. Constitution, including the 4th, 5th, and 6th Amendments, immunities from jurisdiction, international evidence gathering procedures, obtaining people from abroad, including through abduction, and post-conviction issues such as prisoner transfer.
The final part of this treatise introduces the reader to the four crimes of most concern to the international community—Aggression, Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, and War Crimes. The book also examines the various courts and mechanisms used to bring those accused of these atrocities to justice, beginning with the Nuremberg and Tokyo precedents. Examination of these early forms of international tribunal are followed by materials examining more recent courts and mechanisms, including the International Criminal Court, Ad Hoc tribunals, hybrid tribunals and other creative variations.
This book provides detailed summaries of areas of significance in international criminal law and is a wonderful resource for students studying in this area, practitioners interested in learning more about the field in general or interested in delving more deeply into a particular issue, and casual readers desiring an introduction to this fascinating and developing area of law.
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Table of contents
PART ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.01 Scope of International Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
[A] International Aspects of National Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
[B] Criminal Aspects of International Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.02 Sources of International Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
[A] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
[B] The Lotus Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
[C] Customary International Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.03 Key Terms in International Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
[A] Comity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
[B] Complementarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
[C] Erga Omnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
[D] Extraterritoriality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
[E] Jus Cogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
[F] Ne Bis in Idem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF JURISDICTION
2.01 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.02 Extraterritorial Application of United States Statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
[A] Explicit Statutory Authority for Extraterritorial Application . . . . . . 14
[B] Judicial Interpretation Permitting Extraterritorial Application . . . . . 15
2.03 Jurisdictional Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.04 Jurisdiction to Prescribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
[A] Territorial Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
[1] Special Territorial Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
[2] Objective Territoriality (“Effects Principle”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
[B] Nationality Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
[C] Passive Personality Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
[D] Protective Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
[E] Universality Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.05 Emerging Principles—“Landing State” and “Transferred”
Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.06 Limitations to Jurisdiction to Prescribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.07 Procedural Issues Related to Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
[A] Detainees and Habeas Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
[B] Military Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
[C] Military Involvement in Civilian Criminal Matters . . . . . . . . . . . 32
PART TWO SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Chapter 3 BUSINESS CRIMES
3.01 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.02 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
[A] History and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
[B] Statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
[C] Who is Liable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
[D] Corruptly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
[E] Nexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.03 Antitrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.04 Securities Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Chapter 4 EXPORT CONTROLS
4.01 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.02 Export Administration Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.03 Arms Export Control Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.04 Executive Export Restrictions and Trade Embargos . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Chapter 5 COMPUTER CRIMES
5.01 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.02 National Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.03 International Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 6 NARCOTICS AND MONEY LAUNDERING
6.01 Jurisdiction for Narcotics Prosecutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
[A] Jurisdiction Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
[B] “Effects” Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
[C] Questions of Law? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
[D] Role of the Coast Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.02 International Narcotics Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
[A] National Prosecutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
[B] International Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.03 Money Laundering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
[A] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
[B] White Collar Crime Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
[C] Money Laundering Prosecution to Combat Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . 61
[D] International Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.04 Currency Transaction Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 7 PIRACY AND TERRORISM
7.01 Terrorism Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
[A] Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
[B] Terrorism Laws in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
[C] Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.02 Prosecuting Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.03 Enemy Combatants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.04 Piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.05 Aircraft Hijacking and Sabotage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.06 Hostage Taking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 8 TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
8.01 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.02 The Core Obligation to Criminalize Group Activities . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.03 The Obligation to Criminalize Laundering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.04 The Criminalization of Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.05 Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.06 Gravity of Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.07 Forfeiture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.08 Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.09 Procedural Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.10 Review by the Conference of the Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
PART THREE PROCEDURE
Chapter 9 EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF U.S. CONSTITUTION
9.01 Constitutional Rights Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
9.02 Fourth Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
[A] Verdugo-Urquidez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
[B] Beyond Verdugo-Urquidez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
[1] Aliens Within the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
[2] U.S. Citizens Outside the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
[3] Substantial Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
[C] Planes, Boats, and Borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
[D] Foreign Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.03 Fifth Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.04 Sixth Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Chapter 10 IMMUNITIES FROM JURISDICTION
10.01 Diplomatic, Consular, and Organizational Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . 107
[A] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
[B] Diplomatic Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
[C] Consular Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
[D] Persons Associated with International Organizations . . . . . . . . . 109
10.02 Head of State and Act of State Immunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
[A] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
[B] Limitations of Head of State Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
[1] Who Is Entitled to Head of State Immunity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
[2] Crimes Covered Under Head of State Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . 114
[3] Waiver of Head of State Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
[C] The International Criminal Court and Head of State Immunity . . . 116
Chapter 11 OBTAINING EVIDENCE FROM ABROAD
11.01 Letters Rogatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
[A] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
[B] The Letters Rogatory Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
[C] Deficiencies of the Letters Rogatory Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
[D] Defense Use of Letters Rogatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
11.02 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties and Executive Agreements . . . . . 121
11.03 Grand Jury Subpoenas and Depositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
[A] Grand Jury Subpoenas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
[B] Depositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter 12 OBTAINING PERSONS FROM ABROAD
12.01 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
12.02 Extradition to the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
[A] Extradition Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
[B] Rule of Speciality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
[C] Dual Criminality Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
[D] Refusal to Extradite to the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
12.03 Extradition from the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
[A] Authorization to Extradite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
[B] Treaty Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
[1] Guiding Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
[2] Parties to the Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
[C] Extradition Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
[1] 18 U.S.C. 3184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
[2] Necessary Proof for an Extradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
12.04 Political Offense Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
[A] Rationale for Political Offense Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
[B] What Is a Political Offense? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
[C] Proving a Political Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
12.05 Luring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
12.06 Abduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
[A] United States v. Alvarez-Machain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
[B] Other Abduction Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter 13 PRISONER TRANSFER TREATIES AND OTHER POSTCONVICTION
PROBLEMS
13.01 Prisoner Transfer Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
13.02 Recognition of Foreign Criminal Judgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
PART FOUR THE PROSECUTION OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
Chapter 14 INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
14.01 What is an International Crime? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
14.02 Related Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
14.03 Specific Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
[A] Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
[B] Genocide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
[C] Crimes Against Humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
[D] War Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
[E] Overlapping Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
14.04 The General Part of International Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Chapter 15 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE
15.01 General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
[A] Universal Declaration of Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
[B] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . . . . . . . . . . 190
15.02 Torture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
[A] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
[B] Convention Against Torture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
[C] United States Laws Against Torture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
[D] Sexual Violence as Torture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
15.03 The Death Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
15.04 The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
15.05 United Nations Standards and Norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Chapter 16 INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS
16.01 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
16.02 Nuremberg Tribunal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
16.03 International Military Tribunal for the Far East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
16.04 Ad Hoc Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
16.05 Ad Hoc Tribunal for Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
16.06 Special Court for Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
16.07 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . 221
16.08 Special Tribunal for Lebanon (Hariri Tribunal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
16.09 Kosovo and East Timor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
16.10 Some Creative “International” and “Hybrid” Initiatives . . . . . . . . . 226
[A] Lockerbie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
[B] Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Chapter 17 ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
17.01 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
17.02 The Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
[A] Part One—Establishment of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
[B] Part Two—Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Applicable Law . . . . 231
[C] Part Three—General Principles of Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . 237
[D] Part Four—Composition and Administration of the Court . . . . . 241
[E] Part Five—Investigation and Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
[F] Part Six—The Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
[G] Part Seven—Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
[H] Part Eight—Appeal and Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
[I] Part Nine—International Cooperation and Judicial Assistance . . . 249
[J] Part Ten—Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
[K] Part Eleven—Assembly of States Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
[L] Part Twelve—Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
[M] Part Thirteen—Final Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
17.03 Adopting the Rome Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
17.04 The First Review Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
